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* What is polarization?

Light waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. These two fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of light traveling. We call the electric field plane as the light's polarization.

Sunlight and many other ordinary light is made of many light waves, each with their electric and magnetic fields oriented randomly. If all waves' electric fields were aligned parallel to each other, we call this light linearly polarized.

* Polarization's effect on optical fibers

Polarization does not really matter in multimode fibers but it can be crucial in single mode fibers especially for long distance and high speed rate fiber communications. Why? Let me explain it below.

Technically speaking, single mode fibers actually have two modes traveling in it. These two modes have orthogonal polarization and perfect single mode fibers cannot differentiate between them. These two modes are functionally identical and light energy can shift easily between these two polarization modes.

However, fiber's geometry is not perfect. As a result, these two modes actually travel along the fiber at slightly different speeds. The effect is called PMD (polarization mode dispersion). The slight speed difference can cause problems in high speed fiber optic links such as 10Gbit/s and 40Gbit/s.

* Polarization maintaining fibers come to the rescue!

Polarization maintaining fibers are special kinds of single mode fibers, they are also commonly called PM fibers or Panda PM fibers.

PM fibers have built-in asymmetry which is also called birefringence. The refractive index of PM fiber differs for the two polarizations and this effect prevent light energy from coupling between two polarizations.

PM fibers can transmit light in a single polarization if the input light polarization is aligned to one of its two birefringence axes. And that is why they are called polarization maintaining fibers.

* The applications of polarization maintaining fibers

PM fibers are rarely used for long distance transmission because of their expensive price and higher attenuation than single mode fiber. They are commonly used for telecommunication applications, fiber optic sensing and interferometry.

Colin Yao is the sales manager at Fiber Optics For Sale Co. and an expert on fiber optic technologies and products. Learn even more about polarization maintaining fibers, PM fiber and Panda PM fiber on Fiber Optics For Sale Co. web site.

Google AdSense has dominated the internet discussion groups, newsletters and various affiliate programs that can be purchased through resellers such as Click bank. Everyone is saying how profitable they are - showing such things as copies of checks and statements from various affiliate resellers. One thing for certain, it seems as if Google AdSense has dominated the internet marketing groups and is now considered a very simple way to make money from your home while you are asleep!

So the question becomes, how do you make money using this program? Obviously you have to have ads placed on your web page that get high traffic for sought after key words. This can be quite lucrative, however is more difficult than can appear at first. There are advertisers that are paying as much as $10.00 per click for an ad on google. So in a nutshell the higher the cost to the advertiser, the higher that you will be rewarded for having that ad on your site.

For newbies, they really have not understood what the appeal to having advertisers all over their site with their main idea buried in there somewhere. Once they finally figure out that those little ads promoting someone else actually brings in money, they are swallowing their pride more easily. Not to be rude or brunt, but obviously, it is alot easier to to pay for groceries with actual cash rather than having to get food stamps and starving just because of pride not wanting advertisers on their web site.

So what can be done to use AdSense to its fullest ability? Actually there are 2 major factors that come in to play and here they are:

1- Seek out the high traffic web pages on your web-site. If you look back I am certain that many of your visitors are taking advantage of your freebies such as free reports or free software or various ebooks that you are offering at low cost or for free. You are doing it correctly and generating a high click through rate. This is very important to getting good advertisers on your site.

2- You can put AdSense links on the less effective or loss leader web pages. This is kind of a trick, however can save you a lot of visitors in the long run. You essentially will capture or at least have a chance to hang on to that visitor by letting that customer click on one of your AdSense ads and get some income coming in to you.

When you master these two tricks, you can actually get a good flow of money with minimal effort. Well you ask, how do I generate the traffic in the first place? There are 3 ways that I am aware of that work really well. First - pay for it by creating an ad word advertisement, Secondly - pay for it by using a good CPM (CPM=Cost per thousand) email mailer promoting your site and lastly by free article submissions or mastering SEO (Search Engine Optimization).

When using the above tactics, you will not only notice the extra cash flow, you will be rewarded when just giving out free information to enquiring minds. You can also send your visitors to an affiliate link or sales page that offers a product that will also put money in your pocket.

With Google AdSense and a little thinking outside the box, the possibilities are endless.

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